July 3, 2001

From: Subject: July 3, 2001 Date: Thu, 8 May 2003 10:44:02 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0918_01C3154E.BD89E870"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0918_01C3154E.BD89E870 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2001/7.16.01/index.php July 3, 2001

Where Assyrians=20 Get Their News. =

101 San Fernando Street, Suite 505
San Jose, = CA =20 95112 U.S.
Voice (408) = 918-9200
Fax (408)=20 918-9201

Tammuz 16,=20 6751

Volume=20 VII

Issue=20 18

July 16,=20 = 2001

return to=20 zindamagazine.com

This Week In=20 Zinda

The=20 Lighthouse		AUA At Marbella: Part 2 - =93Mirage=94 =
Good=20 Morning Bet-Nahrain		Assyrian Representative Speaks Before = Iran=92s Majlis=20 In Assyrian Iraqi Archeologists Uncover Assyrian Temple = &=20 Winged Bulls
News=20 Digest		Assyrian Man Stabs Ex-Fianc=E9 In Chicago = Area=20 Turks And Armenians Form A Reconciliation=20 Commission
Surfs=20 Up!		"His Article Betrays His Own=20 Ignorance=94
Surfers=20 Corner		Microsoft Releases Windows XP With Native = Syriac=20 Support
Literatus		The Sentimental Journey - Part = I
Assyrian=20 Surfing Posts		Assyrian Biographies Latest Issue of = Nakosha=20 Magazine
Bravo		Up & =93Away=94 With Walter = Aziz
Pump=20 Up the Volume		Preacher & Speaker
Back=20 to the Future		=91The Country=92 & the Synod of=20 Seleucia
This=20 Week in History		Prof. Sargis Osipov
Calendar=20 of Events

The Lighthouse=20

AUA=20 AT MARBELLA
Part 2: =93Mirage=94

A Conference on Human Rights was scheduled for the first day of = the=20 gathering, and the lead-off speaker was Sheikh Mohammed Mohammed = Ali, of=20 the Iraqi National Congress (INC). Unfortunately, I arrived too = late to=20 makes notes of his comments and, strange as it seems, I have been = unable=20 to find anyone else who could share their notes from that meeting. = During=20 the Question-Answer period which followed, someone rhetorically = asked the=20 speaker how INC could possibly be concerned about human rights = when there=20 is no Assyrian representation on the INC executive committee. Just = how=20 sagacious was this thought?

The viability of the INC as an Iraqi =93opposition=94 group has = been open=20 to question from the time of its creation, and that=92s putting it = mildly.=20 Earlier this year, a State Department official revealed the = private=20 assessment of Secretary of State Powell that =93this is a feckless = group of=20 people whose dreams far exceed their capabilities. And he=92s not = at all=20 enthusiastic about relying on them.=94 [New York Times, Feb. 14, = 2001]

The Chairman of the INC is Ahmad Chalabi, who is frequently = shuttling=20 between London, New York and Washington. For the most part, the = INC=20 champions consist of certain hardliners in the U.S. Administration = (led by=20 Rumsfeld and Cheney), and by ardent advocates from the Jewish = lobby.=20 Steven Solarz, derisively known as =93the Congressman from = Ankara=94, and the=20 Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP), a Jewish = think-tank,=20 consider it crucial for the U.S. to maintain opposition to = Baghdad. A=20 report from WINEP released earlier this year urges the U.S. to = =93provide=20 the opposition with ample financial and political support, as well = as=20 specific equipment items such as communication gear and, starting = with the=20 Kurdish opposition in the north, weapons as appropriate.=94 A = letter=20 addressed to President Clinton, signed by both Rumsfeld and = perennial=20 Baghdad-basher Paul Wolfowitz back on February 18, 1998, = maintained that=20 =93Iraq today is ripe for a broad-based insurrection. We must = exploit this=20 opportunity.=94 The letter suggested the =93positioning of U.S. = ground force=20 equipment in the region so that, as a last resort, we have the = capacity to=20 protect and assist the anti-Saddam forces in the northern and = southern=20 parts of Iraq.=94

A brief digression may be in order. Unless anyone had not = noticed,=20 President G.W. Bush=92s Cabinet =93looks like America, but without = the Jews.=94=20 Those words were in fact the headline of a Jerusalem Post = editorial back=20 in January. The Israeli paper complained that =93in sharp contrast = to the=20 unprecedented number of American Jews holding cabinet-level posts = in the=20 outgoing administration of President Clinton =85at this time it = appears that=20 none of President-elect Bush=92s cabinet appointments are = Jewish.=94

Perhaps it was just a coincidence (and not a matter of = =93affirmative=20 action=94) that the appointment of Wolfowitz as the US Deputy = Secretary of=20 Defense would soon follow. Described as a =93seasoned zealot=94 = [Kurdish Life,=20 Winter 2001], Wolfowitz has been a Jewish fixture in senior = national=20 security posts under Nixon, Carter, Reagan, Bush Senior, and now = Bush=20 Junior. Following his appointment, the Jerusalem Post [Feb. 5, = 2001]=20 contentedly described him as =93a strong advocate of arming the = Iraqi=20 opposition to topple Saddam Hussein.=94

But the biggest credibility challenge for the INC leadership is = that it=20 has never persuaded its Kurdish or Shi=92ite Muslim colleagues to = cooperate=20 with a central command and to carry out a coordinated plan. = Barring an=20 unlikely change, the reluctance of these two groups (with guerilla = forces)=20 is an insurmountable burden.

The INC may have good intentions, but it does not enjoy much=20 credibility. In pie-in-the-sky fashion, the INC =93hoped to use = Iran as a=20 base for infiltrating southern Iraq and operating inside = Kurdistan=94=20 [London Sunday Times, October 1, 2000]. But a Los Angeles Times = article=20 [March 129, 2001] titled =93Hapless Hussein Opposition Has U.S. = Looking=20 Elsewhere=94 may be far more accurate in describing the = disillusionment of=20 its major sponsor. The article points out that =93despite millions = of=20 dollars in U.S. aid, the leading Iraqi opposition group has proved = so=20 hapless in making use of the money, accounting for it, finding = recruits=20 for Pentagon training and preventing its own fragmentation that = the State=20 Department is searching for alternatives.=94 It appears in fact = that the INC=20 has run into lowered expectations from the Bush administration. = There will=20 be far fewer dollars flowing in its direction and, according to = the State=20 Department, a very modest agenda of =93distributing food and = medicine in=20 government-controlled areas,=94 and sending =93dozens of = infiltrators into=20 Iraq =85 to collect information and recruit supporters.=94
The = fact is that=20 the INC won=92t get very far in its grand designs without active = Kurdish=20 participation. According to Reuters [March 20, 2001], =93Kurdish = hesitancy=20 is a critical obstacle to the INC=92s ambitions, because the = Kurdish parties=20 already have an experienced guerrilla force of some 10,000 = fighters and=20 their territory is the natural springboard for INC = operations.=94
The=20 interest of the Kurds lies in the North, and not elsewhere in = Iraq.=20 Moreover, they have been taken to the cleaners by failed American = promises=20 countless times before. It is hard to imagine Kurdish leaders = giving=20 weight to American promises, particular if it requires provocative = engagement outside their own turf.

Going back to the question posed at the Conference by a = well-meaning=20 Assyrian, some may consider it far-fetched or presumptuous. The = INC cannot=20 get full-fledged commitment from the Shi=92ites or the Kurds, and = it is=20 slowly sinking in irrelevance, yet the questioner may have felt = that=20 =93Assyrians=94 should have the opportunity of stepping forward = and taking=20 another hit as =93the smallest ally=94? One could also ask why = Assyrians would=20 claim a place at the INC=92s Executive Committee table, when = larger=20 minorities have happily remained on the sideline - consider the=20 self-described =93Chaldeans=94 and the =93Turkomans=94, just to = name a couple?

The notion of =93Assyrians in the INC=94 may strike some as a = means of=20 enhancing our self-importance. Others may be more wary, mindful of = Woody=20 Allen=92s injunction: =93I wouldn=92t want to join a club who = would accept me as=20 a member.=94

Francis = Sarguis
California

Good Morning = Bet-Nahrain

ASSYRIAN REPRESENTATIVE SPEAKS BEFORE IRAN=92S MAJLIS IN=20 ASSYRIAN

(ZNDA: Tehran) Last week Mr. Yonathan Bet-Kolia, the Assyrian=20 representative in Iran=92s Parliament or Majlis, offered a speech = before his=20 Parliamentary colleagues in the Assyrian language. This was the = first time=20 in the history of Iran=92s Majlis since 1905 that a represented = religious=20 minority group was allowed to conduct a speech in its native = language.=20

Mr. Bet-Kolia began his talk with a reading from Psalms 111. He = then=20 congratulated President Khatami on winning his second election, = when over=20 92 percent of Assyrians eligible to vote went to the polls last = month. Mr.=20 Bet-Kolia briefly enumerated the educational and scientific = achievements=20 of Assyrians throughout the ancient times and the during Islamic = period.=20

Mr. Bet-Kolia listed the following in emphasizing the = significant=20 religious and academic accomplishments of his constituents in = Iran:

1. Assyrians currently live in more than 14 cities in = Iran.
2.=20 Assyrians own and worship in over ninety churches in Iran.
3. = The=20 office of the Assyrian Universal Alliance=92s Asia Chapter is = located in=20 Tehran.
4. Every Assyrian in Iran is bi-lingual and the = literacy rate=20 among Assyrians in Iran is one hundred percent.
5. Ninety = percent of=20 Assyrians are tri-lingual and seventy percent can speak in four=20 languages or more.
6. There is one Assyrian professor for = every 1,500=20 (one thousand five hundred) Assyrians living in Iran.
7. = There is one=20 Assyrian physician for every 400 (four hundred) Assyrians living = in=20 Iran.
8. There is one Assyrian engineer for every 400 (four = hundred)=20 Assyrians living in Iran.
9. There is one Assyrian university = student=20 for every 200 (two hundred) Assyrians living in = Iran.

Mr. Bet-Kolia then directed the attention of the members of = Majlis to=20 the inequalities faced by Assyrians as victims of religious and = ethnic=20 discrimination at school and workplace. He expressed his regret in = witnessing discrimination against Non-Moslems, including = Assyrians, when=20 applying for jobs in public and government sectors particularly in = the=20 educational areas.

Mr. Bet-Kolia also reminded his colleagues in the Majlis about = the=20 small budget passed earlier this year for the promotion of the = cultural=20 activities of the religious minorities in Iran. He then thanked = them for=20 taking into account the importance of such a budget = resolution.

Permission to build new Christian centers and churches in Iran = was the=20 next item on Mr. Bet-Kolia=92s wish-list. Currently, no new = buildings for=20 the purpose of religious worship are permitted in Iran.

Lastly, Mr. Bet-Kolia requested that his constituents in Iran = be=20 permitted to publish books and periodicals in the Assyrian = language,=20 reminding the members of Majlis that it was the Assyrians who = published=20 and distributed the first newspaper in Iran, entitled =93Rays of = Light=94 in=20 mid-19th Century.

IRAQI ARCHEOLOGISTS UNCOVER ASSYRIAN TEMPLE & WINGED=20 BULLS

Courtesy of Agence France-Presse (July 7)

(ZNDA: Badgdad) Iraq said last Friday that a team of = archeologists have=20 uncovered the remains of an Assyrian temple and statues of winged = bulls=20 dating back to the 8th century B.C.

Jaber Khalil Ibrahim, head of Iraq's archeology department, = told the=20 official INA news agency that the find was made in Nimrod, 35 = kilometres=20 (22 miles) southeast of the northern city of Mosul. =

Inscriptions=20 on the two bulls indicated the site dated back to the time of one = of the=20 most prestigious Assyrian kings, he said.

Iraq, and especially northern Beth-Nahrain, contains more than = 10,000=20 archeological sites, most of which have still not yet been = uncovered,=20 according to official statistics.

Before the embargo imposed on Iraq in August 1990 for invading = Kuwait,=20 Iraq played host to numerous foreign archeological expeditions = each year.=20

News=20 Digest

ASSYRIAN MAN STABS EX-FIANCE IN CHICAGO = AREA

Courtesy of Chicago Tribune (July = 13)

(ZNDA: Chicago)=20 Nixon Odisho, 26, a resident of Hanover Park-Illinois, was charged = with=20 attempted murder after he allegedly stabbed his former fianc=E9 17 = times=20 with a steak knife, a prosecutor said last Thursday. Mr. Odisho = faces=20 charges of attempted murder, aggravated vehicular hijacking, = aggravated=20 unlawful restraint and aggravated domestic violence, authorities = said at a=20 court hearing.

Odisho became upset last Monday as he and = the woman=20 sat in a car in the 600 block of Lake Street in Hanover Township, = Cook=20 County Assistant State's Atty. Mike Andre said. "As she attempted = to exit=20 the vehicle, he held her and continued stabbing her," Andre said. = The=20 woman was stabbed on her hands, back, chest and legs before she = could=20 escape and was scheduled for surgery to repair damaged nerves and = tendons=20 in her hands, Andre said.

Odisho fled in the car but was arrested by a Kane County = sheriff's=20 deputy who had stopped him for a speeding violation. Kane County = police=20 said Odisho was wearing a shirt with what appeared to be dried = blood on it=20 when he was arrested.

The victim, a South Elgin woman, was treated at St. Alexius = Medical=20 Center in Hoffman Estates. Cunningham said she needed more than 75 = stitches to her hand and will require surgery to repair nerve = damage=20 suffered as she tried to defend herself.

According to court records, Odisho was charged with attacking = the same=20 woman last year. That charge and an order of protection stemming = from the=20 case were later dropped.

Odisho's attorney, Stephen Connolly, said his client is = mentally ill=20 and is not a threat when he takes his medication, which includes = lithium=20 and Ritalin. Connolly said Odisho's family would have him = committed if he=20 is released.

Odisho faces up to 30 years in prison if convicted. Judge Karen = Thompson Tobin set bail at $150,000, with the requirement that = Odisho be=20 placed in a mental health facility if he makes bail.

TURKS AND ARMENIANS FORM A RECONCILIATION = COMMISSION

Courtesy of Reuters (July 10); based on an article by = Stephanie=20 Nebehay

(ZNDA: Geneva) A group of prominent Turks and Armenians are=20 establishing a reconciliation commission to promote dialogue = between their=20 peoples divided since the Genocide of the Christians in Anatolia = during=20 World War One.

"It is the first time there has been an attempt at structured = dialogue=20 between civil society in Turkey and Armenia and the Armenian = Diaspora,"=20 Ilter Turkmen, a former Turkish diplomat and senior U.N. official, = told=20 the news conference. "...It is a turning point in the relations = between=20 two peoples."

A statement issued after three-day talks in Geneva said the = 10-member=20 commission hoped to foster better ties between Turkey and Armenia, = which=20 have no diplomatic relations.

"The (Turkish-Armenian) Reconciliation Commission hopes, = through its=20 efforts, to build on the increasing readiness for reconciliation = among=20 Turkish and Armenian civil societies including members of Diaspora = communities," it added.

Armenians accuse Turks of genocide by the systematic slaughter = of 1.5=20 million of their ethnic kin as the Ottoman Empire collapsed in = 1918.

Turkey denies the charges, saying both Turks and Armenians died = in=20 inter-ethnic violence as the Empire fought a Russian invasion of = its=20 eastern provinces, which had a high concentration of ethnic = Armenians.

The issue remains a source of international tension. Ankara = reacted=20 angrily when first a House of Representatives sub-committee and = then the=20 French parliament recently recognized that genocide had = occurred.

The talks, which follow recent secret meetings in Vienna, = Austria, come=20 as Turkey tries to advance its European Union candidacy.

"The Reconciliation Commission appreciates that there are = serious=20 differences between Armenians and Turks, as well as obstacles to = normal=20 relations between Armenia and Turkey," the two-page statement = read.

The Commission aims to support projects in business, tourism = and=20 culture and would also make recommendations to the members' = respective=20 governments, according to the statement.

Gunduz Aktan, a former Turkish ambassador who writes for the = Radikal=20 newspaper, said: "When it comes to qualifying events 85 years ago = in the=20 Ottoman Empire, Turks around the table will not accept them as=20 genocide.

"We certainly consider them terrible tragic events, but they do = not=20 fall within the definition of genocide accepted under = international=20 humanitarian law."

Alexander Arzoumanian, a former Armenian foreign minister who = chairs=20 the Armenian National Movement based in the capital Yerevan, said: = "In=20 Armenia, most of the population and Diaspora community consider it = as=20 genocide.

"This is one of the issues we are going to address through our = work,"=20 he added. "We just made an important historic step, but we have a = long way=20 to go."

Van Krikorian, of the Armenian Assembly of America, said: "The = Armenian=20 genocide is very fundamental to who we are."

During 1915 and 1923, nearly 750,000 Assyrians and = 350,000 Greeks=20 (Pontic) perished along with one and half million Armenians living = in=20 Turkey, then Ottoman Empire.

Surfs Up! =

=93 The Dilemma of the Assyrian Identity - According = to Fred=20 Parhad=92s article =93Reflections on Assyrian: A Little = Slow=94 which was=20 published in Zinda Online Magazine (Volume VII, Issue 16, = dated June=20 26, 2001) the root problem of the Assyrian people is their = Christian=20 identity. He further states that it is necessary for the = survival of=20 the Assyrian people that they culturally divorce themselves = from the=20 Church and embrace a non-Christian Assyrian (neo-pagan) = identity.

Following Mr. Parhad=92s traitorous advice will only = accelerate the=20 Assyrians decline. His article betrays his own ignorance of = his own=20 identity as an Assyrian. This article is also an affront to = the=20 Assyrian people and an insult to our ancient Christian = heritage. The=20 remote ancestors of today=92s Assyrians were the ancient = Akkadian=20 Assyrians. They spoke a Semitic language related to yet = distinct from=20 the Aramaic language. The Neo-Aramaic that Assyrians now speak = is not=20 descended from the language spoken by the ancient Assyrians. = The=20 ancient Assyrians only used Aramaic for diplomatic = purposes.

The Assyrian culture we have today has its origins in the=20 Syriac-speaking regions on the borders of Rome and Partia = during the=20 first century AD. (The Aramaic language used in the holy = liturgy is=20 called Syriac. Modem Assyrian Aramaic is often also called = Syriac.)=20 The Syriac speakers of that time had a distinct culture from = that of=20 the ancient Assyrians, spoke a different language than they = did and=20 worshiped different gods. They were profoundly influenced by = the Greek=20 and Persian cultures. These Assyrians, due to the fact that = they spoke=20 the same language as Christ and the Apostles were among the = first=20 people to embrace Christianity. And in that as the Assyrian = culture as=20 it was being formulated at this time, it has been Christian = from the=20 very beginning.

Apart from a few early pagan inscriptions, almost all of = the=20 literature produced in Syriac is Christian. All of the = surviving=20 Syriac art (mostly decorative crosses and paintings from the = Far East=20 and India as well as Syrian Orthodox Icons) is Christian as = well.=20 Today=92s Assyrian culture was shaped during the reigns of = King Abgar V=20 (a contemporary of Jesus Christ) and King Abgar VIII (early = 200s).=20 These were our first Christian kings. Thus from its beginning=20 Christianity and the cultural identity of the Assyrian people = were=20 fused into one. I believe that it is a good thing. Our = Christian faith=20 is our greatest asset. Through it and by God=92s grace we have = endured=20 through the centuries. Due to the gulf that separates the = ancient and=20 the modern Assyrians, many scholars refuse to call modern = Aramaic=20 speakers =91Assyrian=92. Most scholars prefer to call = Assyrians=20 =91Nestorians=92 or =91East Syrians=92 and the Syrian Orthodox = =91Jacobites=92 or=20 =91West Syrians=92.

The problem is that Syria is now the name of an Arab state = and thus=20 it is too confusing a term to use to designate Syriac = Speakers. Some=20 say that the term Assyrian as used for East Syrians was coined = in the=20 19th Century. However it is easy to demonstrate that this = accusation=20 is false.

The word =91Assyrian=92 was used for Syriac speakers in the = era of the=20 Early Church Fathers. Tatian, the disciple of Justin Martyr, = called=20 himself Tatian the Assyrian while writing in the middle of the = second=20 century AD. Syriac speakers are also referred to as = =93Assyrians=94 in The=20 Doctrine of Addai. which is an ancient account of the = conversion of=20 the Assyrians to Christianity at the preaching of the Holy = Apostles=20 Saint Thaddeus, Saint Mark and Saint Aggai. All of the great = cultural=20 accomplishments of the Assyrian Christians have been in the = Church.=20 For example, the liturgy, the missionary conquests of China, = Mongolia=20 and India, the writings of the Assyrian Church Fathers = (particularly=20 Saint Ephraim and Issac of Nineveh, although there are several = others,=20 these too are internationally famous) the Assyrian Christian=20 literature composed in Mongolian, Sogdian and Chinese, the = creation of=20 the Syriac based alphabet of Mongolia and the writings of = Bardesan,=20 Aphrahat, Tatian, Mar Babai the Great, Narsai and several = other=20 intellectual giants. Also the translations of the Greek = classics into=20 Arabic which were translated by Assyrians are credited with = sparking=20 the Renaissance when they were discovered by Europeans.

These are great accomplishments that were done by devout = Assyrian=20 Christians and should be a source of pride for Assyrians = today. From=20 its inception, the current Assyrian culture has been = Christian.=20 Honoring the old pagan gods of the ancient Akkadian Assyrians = in song=20 or festivals dishonors the blood of our martyrs and our = forefathers.=20 Searching for an ethnic identity outside of the Christian = Church is a=20 betrayal of our culture. If Assyrians want to connect with = their=20 culture and discover their cultural identity the place to do = this is=20 in the church and in the history and writings of the Church of = the=20 East and the Syrian Orthodox Church.

Assyrians can truly show pride by supporting the Assyrian = Churches=20 and by communicating the Aramaic heritage with our fellow = Christians.=20 The Aramaic heritage is that of the Assyrian speakers of the = Sacred=20 Aramaic language that was spoken by the prophets Abraham, = Daniel,=20 Ezra, Jeremiah and our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. = Unfortunately the=20 only Assyrian who genuinely tried to share our Aramaic = heritage with=20 all the world was the theologically questionable George = Mamisho=20 Lamsa.

Our hope and our salvation is in our God, Jesus Christ and = our=20 Ancient Church. I believe that by God=92s grace and power we = will endure=20 until the second coming of Jesus Christ. I believe we will be = here to=20 greet Christ in his own language when he comes again. We must = not=20 despair or fall away but work to maintain our traditions and = language.=20 We can and we will. Assyrians, Chaldeans and Syrian Orthodox = must work=20 together in Christian love fur the preservation of our = language and=20 culture. (However, I do not believe attempts by our Roman = Catholic=20 brothers to usurp the ecclesiastical sovereignty of the = Assyrian=20 Churches represent true Christian unity. We should love one = another=20 and respect our distinct traditions especially in that we all = adhere=20 to the Nicene Creed). The Christian faith is the greatest = asset of the=20 Assyrian people and is not a liability. The threats the = Assyrian=20 people face include illiteracy, ignorance of their Christian = heritage=20 and identity and assimilation into surrounding cultures and = not their=20 adherence to the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. .=94

Stephen Andrew Missick
Texas

=93The Assyrians under the present Kurdish rule = - The=20 Kurds fought the central government of Baghdad since 1961 = attracting=20 those disaffected with the successive central regimes to fight = along=20 their side. The rebellion was well conducted and some = Assyrians and=20 communists (among others) joined them hoping for a dawn that = will=20 eventually come by this Kurdish rebellion.

The defeat of the Baghdadi regime after the Allied actions = in the=20 Gulf war caused a vacuum in both north and south. While the = south=20 rebellion crumbled the north rebellion survived due to two = factors of=20 geographic-geopolitical nature of the north and the experience = of the=20 Kurdish fighters (among others) of decades of guerilla = warfare.

The creation of the 'save haven' was a windfall for the = Kurds and=20 their allies and here the creation of a Kurdish controlled = zone was=20 realised and established. The Kurds would never have reached = such=20 achievement on their own where it not by the imposition and = protection=20 guaranteed by western muscles. In theory what was envisaged = was that a=20 sort of pseudo democratic status will be established that is=20 diametrically opposite to the brutal regime in Baghdad. The = Assyrians=20 living under the Kurdish rule since the haven was established = lacked=20 depth and vision and did not realise that the Assyrian nation = was=20 being torn apart. The Assyrian activists under the Kurdish = rule did=20 not give the outside world their vision about the Assyrian = cause as a=20 whole but bothered with a few representations in executive and = legislative bodies of this flimsy Kurdish establishment.

In fact to every educated Assyrian the Assyrian nation was=20 partitioned in two, part under the Kurdish tribal rule and the = vast=20 part still under Arab bedouin Baghdadi rule. The current news = from the=20 eastern part of our nation are indeed gloomy, the bubble has = burst and=20 the world has collapsed around us.

Our Assyrian people are the victims of this cruel partition = of our=20 land and the current scheme befits exactly the Middle East = mentality=20 of repression of the native Christian population. Here we come = to a=20 final conclusion, that although we have activists and = political=20 activism but we still lack behind those in national liberation = worldwide like the Palestinians, the Irish, the Basques to = name=20 some.

The Middle East Christian Committee MECHRIC an umbrella of = 14=20 Middle East Christian groups in a release issued June 28 this = year=20 lamented the status of the native Christian population = throughout the=20 Middle East. Why should the Kurds not be part of that = oppressive=20 Islamic belt?=94

Dr=20 George Habash
United=20 = Kingdom

Surfers=20 Corner

MICROSOFT RELEASES WINDOWS XP WITH NATIVE SYRIAC=20 SUPPORT

Microsoft Inc. made available today its latest operating system = Windows=20 XP Professional Release Candidate 1 (RC1). This is the first = operating=20 system to have native Syriac support. Users can simply click on = the=20 language control (located on the task toolbar), choose Syriac, and = type=20 away using numerous applications, including Office XP (for word=20 processing, desktop publishing, databases, spreadsheets, = presentations,=20 web design), Internet Explorer (for web browsing), Outlook Express = (for=20 writing emails), as well as many of the Microsoft accessories = (Notepad,=20 Paint, etc.). Any application that uses Uniscribe's functionality = for text=20 input and output will automatically have Syriac support, paving = the way=20 for developers to write Syriac applications. Windows XP = Professional RC1=20 is available now from the Microsoft Web Site = [www.microsoft.com]. Click=20 on Syriac on the task toolbar and type Syriac in many=20 applications.

Name your folders and file in Syriac! Native Syriac = support=20 means that the language is implemented at the operating system = level. This=20 allows the user, for instance, to name files and folders in Syriac = (see=20 image on right). The operating system also knows about Syriac = dates and=20 time. For example, when the user inserts an automatic date in Word = XP, it=20 will write the name of the day and the month in Syriac.

Having a hard time locating keys? The On-Screen Keyboard helps = you find=20 any letter, vowel or diacritic mark; you can also type using this = tool.=20 Because of the lack of a 'standard' Syriac keyboard layout, the = user has=20 the option of using two different keyboards, one modeled after the = Arabic=20 keyboard and the other is phonetic. The image below shows the = On-Screen=20 Keyboard used in conjunction with Notepad.

The On-Screen Keyboard helps you find Syriac keys.

Windows XP ships with one Syriac font, Estrangelo Edessa, which = Windows=20 uses as a default font. Designed for Beth Mardutho's Meltho Fonts, = Estrangelo Edessa was provided to Microsoft to be included in the = Windows=20 XP distributions. The Meltho fonts package includes over 20 other = fonts,=20 available free of charge from Beth Mardutho = [www.bethmardutho.org]. These=20 fonts can be used now in Windows 2000/XP-RC1 and Office XP.

Beth Mardutho worked with Microsoft for the past four years to = make=20 this happen. Central to the success of this story is Paul Nelson = of=20 Microsoft's Complex Scripts Group. Nelson was the communication = link=20 between Beth Mardutho and Microsoft and developed much of the = Syriac=20 features inside Windows. Back in 1998, Beth Mardutho took part in = a=20 meeting with the Unicode Consortium and the International Standard = Organization (ISO) when a proposal to add Syriac to the coding = standard=20 Unicode was presented. Subsequently, due to the generous = contributions of=20 Beth Mardutho's benefactors and the hard work the Meltho team, the = Meltho=20 fonts became available to the public free of charge in 2000.

Send E-Mails in Syriac!

Call For Support - Beth Mardutho is an academic = institute whose=20 goal is to globalize the Syriac language. The Institute is = currently=20 working on creating the largest digital eLibrary of Syriac books = and=20 journals on the Internet, among other projects. These projects are = made=20 possible by our generous benefactors. Become a part of bringing = the Syriac=20 language into the Third Millennium by supporting Beth Mardutho = through=20 membership. Members are entitled to a number of privileges = outlined on the=20 Institute's web site. Go to www.bethmardutho.org and click on = Gifts=20 Online. Become a member today!

Beth=20 Mardutho: The Syriac Institute New = Jersey

Viktor=20 Borisovich Shklovsky was born in St. Petersburg in 1893. After a = year at=20 the University of Petersburg, he left in the summer of 1914 to = fight with=20 the Tsarist army in World War I. After the February 1917 = revolution he=20 worked for the Provisional Government as a commissar on the = Galician front=20 and later in Iran=92s Urmia region.

To=20 escape arrest for his anti-Bolshevik activities, Shklovsky fled to = Finland=20 in the spring of 1922, then to Berlin, where he published his = book, A=20 Sentimental Journey, in 1923. He was granted an amnesty in the = fall of=20 1923 and returned home to settle in Moscow.

Shklovsky is considered one of the most brilliant Russian = writers=20 of the 20th century. However, it is his personal witness to the = turbulent=20 years of Assyrian experience between 1917 and 1922 that makes him = an=20 important figure.

A=20 Sentimental Journey is an important historical document - a = personal=20 memoir of a man who became founder of Russian formalist criticism = and=20 avant-garde writing.

Zinda=20 Magazine has carefully selected every passage pertaining to = Shkolvsky=92s=20 Assyrian experiences and will present them in a series of articles = in the=20 next few weeks. The majority of the book elaborates on Victor = Shklovsky=92s=20 other experiences, not related to Assyrians.

We=20 expect that Shklovsky=92s opinion of Assyrians, whom he calls = Aissors, may=20 cause some anxiety for our readers. At best we expect that his = writings on=20 Mar Benyamin, Agha Petros, Turko-Assyrian battles, and the Great = Exodus=20 will produce responses in form of letters to the Editor and = messages on=20 our Ziggurat forum.

Our=20 crew thanks Mr. Daniel Wolk of Univesity of Chicago for = introducing this=20 pivotal literary document to Zinda Magazine. We hope that our = readers will=20 enjoy reading Viktor Shklovsky=92s memoir as much as we have in = preparing it=20 for your reading enjoyment.

A=20 SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY
Part I

At the War Ministry, I had previously met a commissar who was = leaving=20 for Persia; he was a Menshevik named Task, a former chairman of = the Kiev=20 Soviet. I will write a lot about him. They let me go to Persia, = although=20 they did try to keep me. But frustration had driven me to the = brink, as=20 the moon draws a somnambulist to the roof. I got on a train and = set out=20 for Persia. Then it was very simple: five days to Tiflis without = changing=20 trains and from Tifiis to Tabriz two days, also without changing. = I set=20 out. In the vicinity of Mineralnye Vody, the Chechens were already = wrecking trains. No matter, we got through.

Near Baku, I saw the Caspian Sea, a cold green not like any = other sea.=20 And camels, walking with their easy gait.
Some officers = traveling with=20 me were going to the Caucasian front.
One of them, wounded in = the=20 stomach by an explosive bullet and half-castrated by it, kept = singing

Boiled chickies,
Broiled = chickies,
Chi-ckies=20 also
Wants to live.
How come you=92re boiled?
How come = you=92re=20 broiled?

And so on.. . . He was about eighteen. He was by no means an = educated=20 man and he grieved the only way he knew how. And that=92s all.

And speaking of castration. I had been going to the hospital in = Petersburg (they were taking X rays to figure out why my wound = hadn=92t been=20 fatal) and I saw an officer there. He too had been castrated by a = wound.=20 His fianc=E9e had been coming to see him. She knew nothing. He = hadn=92t been=20 able to tell her when she came the first time and after that it = kept=20 getting harder and harder. And no one else would say anything. The = wounded=20 man asked the doctor to tell her and the doctor asked a nurse and = the=20 nurse wouldn=92t tell her.

And it wasn=92t so much the matter of telling her. The accident = was=20 simply too absurdly awful.

I arrived in Tiflis. A nice town, a poor man=92s Moscow. There = was=20 shooting in the streets; wildly enthusiastic Georgian troops were = shooting=20 into the air; they couldn=92t not shoot. The national character. I = spent one=20 night with the Georgian Futurists. Nice kids, more homesick for = Moscow=20 than =93Chekhov=92s sisters.=94

The town was calm, not destroyed-true, they were eating bread = of=20 corn-but the streetcars were still running and the people become = savages=20 yet.

I set off for Tabriz. The train climbed higher and higher. = Trees with=20 dark-gold leaves clung to the mountains. The stream was either = following=20 us or running toward us. The train kept climbing higher, writhing = from the=20 effort.

In Aleksandropol we hitched on to another train and were off to = Dzhulfa. We arrived-a solitary station. The turbid Araxes River = along the=20 foot of a mountain. On the other bank, small houses made of clay, = with=20 flat roofs; to me they seemed like houses with no roofs at all. It = was=20 night.

I=92m writing on July 22, 1919. When I arrived from Moscow on = nineteenth=20 of this month and brought some bread (ten pounds) a close friend, = this man=20 began to weep-he wasn=92t used to bread. That=92s how it was-the = houses had=20 lost their roofs, the people somewhat lost their heads, but they = had long=20 since grown to this state of affairs.

Our car was once again uncoupled. Then a new train was made all = together about four or five cars with two locomotives, one in = front and=20 one in back.

We crossed a bridge, were perfunctorily inspected by customs = Persian=20 customs officials, who were afraid of us, and the train itself, = straining=20 every fiber, began again to scramble up the heights.

Now on all sides was no longer the reddish-gold forest, but = instead=20 only red mountains and red ledges set off by snow, the snow on the = peaks=20 very close to us. The train, straining every fiber, times almost = came to a=20 complete stop-it seemed that we would back down at any moment.

Only the desert. And deserted warehouses. Goods lying about. = Rolls of=20 barbed wire. Several granaries. A dozen cars standing on the = tracks. But=20 the port was dead. This is the main port of Lake Urmia, a place = supposedly=20 with a tremendous future. You couldn=92t see the opposite shore. = But to the=20 left was an island called Shahi: the shahs used to hunt there.

I stayed all night there in the plywood cottage of the Regional = Union.=20 I left in the morning. The same sea and below the same piles = blanched by=20 the salt. An uncanny silence. The warehouses were being guarded by = Turkish=20 prisoners. They were more relia-ble. There were two ways of = getting across=20 the lake: either in a barge towed by a launch or simply in the = launch, if=20 it were an urgent matter. All together, there were about half a = dozen=20 steam-boats on the lake; one of them, the Admiral, was rather = large- about=20 the same size as the steamboats that go between Kronstadt and=20 Petersburg-but with an internal-combustion engine. The steamboats = had been=20 brought from the Caspian Sea and assembled here.

I set out for Urmia in a small launch. It was about thirty-five = or=20 forty miles.

Flamingos were flying over the lake, turning pink as they flew = up. The=20 undersides of their wings are pink. The boat chugged along and cut = the=20 still, smooth waves.

A fleet had been dragged to this salt lake, which had always = been=20 deserted-deserted during the reign of the Chaldeans, during the = reign of=20 the Assyrians, always marginal; now a fleet, piles driven in, = birds=20 frightened away and all for the sake of war.

The corps supply officer traveling with me related how hard it = was to=20 feed our army. =93Up to the lake, it=92s not so bad-the railroad, = then=20 reloading on barges. The barges really help out; in some of them, = you can=20 carry as much as five hundred tons right up to the landing piers. = There=20 are five of them on the lake; then reloading on horse or ox = transport,=20 then in the mountains reloading on camels, mules or donkeys-and so = on,=20 every foot of the way.=94

And so practically every camel, horse, donkey and bull in the = Caucasus=20 and Turkestan had been driven into Persia. But we didn=92t succeed = in=20 getting them back out.

There were about sixty thousand of us in northern Persia- about = five=20 thousand at the front, with the rest in units to handle transport = and=20 protect the routes; the route from the front to Sharafkhaneh, 240 = miles,=20 had to be protected and, as a result, the army was starving.

The launch pulled up to the pier. The cliffs were no longer = red, but=20 gray. It was deserted: only one small clay house in sight. This = was=20 Gelenzhik.
We stepped out on shore. It was desolate, like = standing in=20 front of a blank wall.

Children were wandering around almost naked, in rags reduced to = tattered threads.

I didn=92t want to wait for a car; I requested horses, picked = out some=20 men, and we began to clatter over the rocks to Urmia.

The road broke away from the salt marsh and went across fields = enclosed=20 with clay walls. Lombardy poplars stuck out in the fields like = factory=20 smokestacks, their branches seeming to swaddle the trunk.

We rode for quite a while along an unbroken clay steppe, past = shabby=20 cemeteries with markers made of pieces of rock stood on end. Then = we=20 turned into a brick gate and rode into the city of Urmia. Red = mountains=20 were visible beyond the city wall; the sky was far above; snow = sparkled on=20 the mountains. We came to a gray wall, went through a door and = followed a=20 narrow corridor into a small courtyard. Huge grapevines with = gnarled=20 trunks, strong and thick, climbed up the walls, making a green net = over=20 the entire courtyard. At the end of the courtyard stood a = one-story house=20 with enormous windows covered with calico. I went through the dark = vestibule into a room.

White walls. The ceiling was made of beams placed a foot apart. = Thin=20 boards had been placed between the beams, and woven mats were = attached to=20 these boards.

The room was flooded with diffused light passing through the=20 calico.

Here I met Task and one other old acquaintance, a certain L., = who was=20 panicked: he had come to the East and had expected an East as = gayly=20 colored as a peacock=92s tail; instead he saw an East of clay and = straw, and=20 war in all its nakedness. Nowhere was the inner lining of clay and = straw,=20 and war in all its nakedness. Nowhere was the inner lining of war, = its=20 predatory essence, so clear as in the crevices of Persia. There = was no=20 enemy. There were Turks off somewhere, but they were separated = from us by=20 impenetrable passes, where a camel would flounder in snow up to = his=20 nostrils. Only with inconceivable effort could the Turks get = through to=20 us, as in fact they had done in 1914.

But that=92s beside the point. The point was Persia, which had = already=20 been occupied by Russian troops for ten years.

We had gone to a foreign country, occupied it, added to its = gloom and=20 violence our violence, laughed at its laws, hampered its trade, = refused to=20 let it open any factories and supported the shah.22 And for this = purpose,=20 we kept troops-kept them there even after the revolution. It was=20 imperialism-what=92s more, Russian imperial-ism, which is to say, = stupid=20 imperialism. We had built a railroad to Persia, set up a fleet on = Lake=20 Urmia, built a colossal number of roads in the valleys, laid roads = through=20 passes where since the time of Adam there had been nothing but = donkey=20 trails, where the Kurds had been able to pass through the most = impossible=20 spots only by building bonfires and afterwards practically gouging = out the=20 heated rock with their fingernails.

A lot of money was spent in Persia. And it was all useless, = like=20 teaching a pig to waltz. We squeezed and choked, but found the = corpse=20 inedible.

The February revolution had not improved the situation in = Persia. To=20 begin with, we were entangled in all kinds of treaties with = England:=20 Persia was one part of the intended prey. Moreover, the = revolution, while=20 in general warding off the threat of Persia=92s being absorbed by = us, had=20 replaced one slow-witted, but organized, tyrannical government = with=20 several petty offshoots of the Russian tyrannical will. The = subjects of=20 the tyrannical government were themselves tyrants. If there had = been a=20 flood in Persia and it had fallen my lot to be Noah-to build an = ark and to=20 save the pure and honest, passively honest and actively honest = people, I=20 would not have had to build a big tub.

L. and I went to take a look at the town. The whole town was = paved. The=20 story of this pavement is as follows:

A certain general had ordered the Persians to pave the streets. = Any=20 property owner who refused was nailed by the ear to the door of = his own=20 house.

So naturally the town was paved. Facing the streets were the = same clay=20 walls, about the height of two men. There were low doors in the = walls-no=20 gates at all. Several mosques with low minarets and cupolas made = of tiles.=20 On one of the minarets, a stork bad built her nest. This sacred = bird is=20 never disturbed. Water runs swiftly through all the streets in = irrigation=20 ditches. At the cross-roads are graveyards-dusty, shabby and = small. The=20 gravestones
-simply pieces of rock stood on end. Few people on = the=20 streets. Persian women, covered with black shawls, occasionally = went by.=20 The edges of rough soldiers=92 underpants stuck out from under = their shawls.=20 Some Persian men were walking around. We saw some Aissors. Small = donkeys,=20 with loads of brick on their backs, were trotting down the street; = the=20 driver would shout, =93Khabar-dar.=94 They were carrying material = for=20 repairing the bazaar after a pogrom. When the drivers wanted to = force the=20 donkey to turn a little, they would jump off and push against his = side. We=20 were on our way to the bazaar. There were more and more people on = the=20 streets. The clay walls gave way to stalls, selling everything = from gayly=20 decorated cradles to dried, very sweet grapes and almonds. There = was the=20 entrance to the bazaar, which consisted of numerous tunnels under = pointed=20 arches pierced with holes. Along the sides, the stalls were almost = empty.=20 In the row specializing in fabrics, almost all the doors to the = shops were=20 of fresh wood that hadn=92t darkened yet. There had been a major = pogrom=20 here. The owners of ~the pottery stalls were sitting there = matching the=20 broken pieces left after the pogrom and fastening them together = with=20 cement and small iron braces. There were few wares, no imports and = they=20 were afraid to display what they did have. The hoofs of the = donkeys=20 ?bringing bricks faintly clattered. One row was occupied by = shoe-makers.=20 They were making boots right on the spot. In the large deep stalls = at the=20 back of the bazaar, men were twisting wool into cord and, with a = round=20 stone as model, making caps that widened at the top like mitres. = Down=20 another lane, each artisan was manipulating a small hammer and a = piece of=20 oak to make a black design on a rough red and blue cloth. A whole = beehive,=20 but the clay debris still not cleaned up were everywhere.

We watched them cooking over coals heated up with a wicker fan, = baking=20 lavash, a thin, cardboard-like bread which they make by spreading = dough on=20 the inside walls of the oven; then we went home.

That same night, L. left for St. Pete. Task left for the front. = I was=20 left alone. Our troops were the only force in Persia and I was = supposed to=20 be in charge.

And now it=92s July 30, 1919, and I=92m writing while on guard = with a rifle=20 between my legs. It doesn=92t get in my way. I think I=92m just as = powerless=20 now as I was then, but now I don=92t have any responsibility. Now = I=92ll tell=20 what kind of country it was that I found myself in.

Azerbaijan and part of Kurdistan were the areas occupied by our = troops.=20 A mixed population. Persians, Armenians, Tatars, Kurds, Nestorian = Aissors=20 and Jews made up the population. None of these tribes had gotten = along=20 together since time immemorial. =91When the Russians came, this = changed: it=20 got still worse.

The day after my arrival, I went to get acquainted with the = army=20 committee. It made a very painful impression on me. Abso-lutely = ignorant=20 men who had no idea what to do. The chairman had first been = Comrade=20 Stepanians, an Armenian; he had been a poor chairman and made a = hopeless=20 muddle of the committee=92s affairs.

Then they had elected Geobbekian, afterwards a friend of the = chairman=20 of the regional soviet. This one was worse. With him you never = knew what=20 would happen from one minute to the next; in one and the same = speech, he=20 could back the Kadets and the Bolsheviks.

He had an amusing way of stopping a speaker in the middle of = his talk=20 and saying, =93I=92ll explain it to you, comrade,=94 and then = he=92d talk a blue=20 streak for an hour. So he was the only one who ever talked. But we = had to=20 do something about the Constituent Assem-bly. Elections had to be = held in=20 an incredibly scattered army of small detachments. The soldier = chosen=20 chairman of the elections committee, a Tolstoyan, unexpectedly = turned out=20 to be a capable man.

But the rest of the committee-may they forgive me for the bad=20 memory-busied themselves organizing amateur theatricals.

I suppose this was understandable. Life was so boring-no = newspapers, no=20 women, just the reticence of the Persian popula-tion. Well, as a = result, a=20 sort of summer-stock theater had been formed with an incredibly=20 summer-stock repertory.

The troupe performed in a large clay barn, dark and poorly=20 equipped-more poorly than the convicts=92 theater in = Dostoevsky=92s The House=20 of the Dead. It was a vaudeville repertory. The soldiers flocked = in. Its=20 organizers were planning to take their show out on the road.

But in this quiet city with its clay walls and perpetually = closed=20 doors, things were not going well.

The nights rumbled with gunshots. The soldiers liked to shoot = into the=20 air. They got drunk; wine was obtained from the Aissors and the = Jews and=20 perhaps even from the Moslems.

In the frontier town of Ushnuiyeh, there was a pogrom; = every-thing was=20 smashed and pillaged. Task went out there to investi-gate; he = managed to=20 find one company that had accidentally not taken part in the = pogrom and,=20 with its help, recovered the spoils; as punishment, the regiment = was left=20 on duty at this post.

There was no fighting anywhere.

We were getting ready for the elections. The army committees = were=20 re-elected. The army was getting weaker and deteriorating.

Persia suffered as usual.

The power of the shah is insignificant in Persia. He does = distrib-ute=20 all the land and all the land in the country is his land, but = these are=20 only words. Actually the khans agree to recognize themselves as = his=20 vassals.

I won=92t attempt to explain this strange system, which has = long since=20 outlived its usefulness but still persists. Apparently the khans = lease out=20 the villages. Or else a strong, armed man living in the village=20 systematically plunders it and gives a share to the khans.

The peasants are serfs in the sense that they are in the hands = of a=20 master as long as they live on his land. It=92s up to them to get = water from=20 the high mountains by digging irrigation ditches, so they stand up = to=20 their knees in the swiftly flowing water and roast in the sun. = There=92s a=20 lot of emigration: people go to Baku, to Turkestan, wherever they=20 can-anywhere they can eat.

In the cities live the merchants, rich and, in a manner of = speaking,=20 educated; their children are taught in the French mission schools. = They=20 too have their own villages. The emergence of a bourgeoisie did = not do=20 away with serfdom.
Apparently, however, the khans already have = heirs.=20 Merchants and Armenians made the Persian revolution. It was the = revolution=20 of a minority. Detachments of thirty to forty men ranged at will = over the=20 whole country. The present governor of Urmia himself had been in = such a=20 detachment along with some local millionaires, the Manusurians=20 brothers.

The Persians had a constitution, which they said was more = liberal than=20 Switzerland=92s. The governor of Urmia was a revolu-tionary-that = is, a=20 participant in the Persian revolution. He too had his own villages = and=20 serfs. True, there were Persian Cossacks in Persia, units serving = the shah=20 that were recruited from among the Persians and commanded by our=20 instructors.

The Persian Cossacks-to be more accurate, the men who used them = for=20 their own purposes-were almost universally hated by the populace. = They,=20 however, took orders not from the governor, but from the Russian=20 government.

Now it seemed that they took orders from no one.

During our withdrawal they tried to attack us.

Of course, no one obeyed the governor. He requested from us ten = Kuban=20 Cossacks who =93would obey him.=94 The Kurdish khans didn=92t obey = him since=20 they were stronger: each of them had several dozen horsemen and = one of=20 them, Sinko, had a large detachment. This was one of the mistakes = of=20 Russian diplomacy. Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, in that epoch = when he=20 was building himself a palace in the Lenkoran Valley and plotting = to=20 create a Cossack army in Armenia, decided to win one of the = Kurdish=20 chieftains over to the Russian side. The choice fell on Sinko, = khan of a=20 tribe living in the vicinity of the Kuchin Pass, which connected = the=20 district of Khoi-Dilman with the district of Urmia. Sinko was = given rifles=20 and even machine guns, which made him a constant threat to us. He = helped=20 massacre Christians and ultimately laughed at us, saying, =93My = hundred and=20 forty horsemen are driving out your regiment.=94

The Armenians didn=92t obey, either, though they were loyal, = but loyal=20 because they were the aristocracy in Persia. They had a strong=20 organization called =93Dashnaktsution.=94 It may be that in the = Caucasus the=20 =93Dashnaktsution=94 was a Socialist party like our SR=92s, but in = Persia it was=20 a powerful society for self-defense.

The Aissors, Nestorian Christians, were also a kind of = independ-ent=20 state. They considered themselves direct descendants of the = ancient=20 Assyrians and spoke the Aramaic language. One branch of them had=20 originally settled in the environs of Urmia. At one time they had = occupied=20 the whole region. The Kurds had gradually exterminated them. Now = their=20 number had been replenished by the mountain Ashurite Aissors, a = savage=20 people who had lived from time immemorial in the very center of=20 Kurdistan-around Dzhela-merok, in the Van Province of Turkey. The=20 Jacobites, a tribe related to them, lived in the vicinity of = Mosul.

Each family lived in the mountains under the leadership of a = malik, or=20 chieftain; each village was governed by a priest; all the maliks = were=20 under the command of the Patriarch of the East and India, Mar = Shimun, a=20 black-eyed, ruddy, gray-haired Aissor. The patriarch=92s order is = hereditary=20 and passes from uncle to nephew. Legend traces the origin of the=20 patriarchs from Simon, the brother of the Lord.

The Nestorians had a glorious past. When the orthodox = believ-ers drove=20 them out of Syria in the seventh century, they crossed the = mountains and=20 came to Persia, where they were joyfully welcomed as enemies of = Byzantium.=20 Here they stimulated literary activity and spread their influence = to=20 Siberia, India and especially to Tur-kestan. They were even in = China,=20 where to this day there are several completely assimilated = Nestorian=20 families.

Tamerlane drove them to the mountains of Kurdistan; that=92s = where they=20 were living now like savages. They=92re black-haired, = semitic-looking and=20 ruddy-complexioned.

Nestorian missionaries used to get as far as India; whole = Chris-tian=20 colonies appeared there. They passed through Siberia in the north; = in the=20 east they got as far as Japan. The writing which they invented was = the=20 basis of the Mongolian alphabet and apparently of the Korean. = Perhaps they=20 were the nation of Prester John, whose help the Crusaders had been = expecting. Now they were a small tribe, driven into these = mountains, which=20 are indicated sim-ply with blank spots even on the most detailed = German=20 maps. The Turks whittled away the tribe, but it continued to hold = its=20 ground. Their main village was Oramar. But Oramar had been = occupied by the=20 Kurds since 1914. The Russian troops used the Aissors as a special = militia; when they withdrew in 1914 and left the Aissors behind, = their=20 fate was terrible. Doctor Shedd, head of the Ameri-can mission, = told me=20 that more than forty thousand of them were massacred, stacked on = pyres and=20 burned. Those who survived took sanctuary in the American mission. = But the=20 Persians added iron filings to their bread and they died in = droves. In=20 1916 a reconnais-sance detachment of Russian Cossacks and the = special=20 Aissor mili-tia of Aga Petros Elov decided to recapture Oramar, = located in=20 the heart of enemy territory more than 150 miles away. The road = was=20 difficult. The mules couldn=92t carry in any of the mountain = ord-nance. The=20 Aissors carried it in on their shoulders. The cavalry made out as = best=20 they could; the Aissors kept to the peaks of the mountains, = because the=20 idea of mountain warfare is to occupy the commanding heights. I = recommend=20 a comparison with the descrip-tion of the way the Carduchi waged = war=20 (Xenophon, Book 4).

Oramar was flanked, captured and sacked. The horses were fed = with=20 grapes, the donkeys with millet. Mar Shimun and the bishops-they = were=20 wearing turbans wrapped around their red fezzes- had attacked with = bayonets and cut down the prisoners. Our Urmian consul, Nikitin, = had gone=20 on the expedition and, by the way, he told me that in an area once = occupied by the Aissors, but now by the Kurds, he had found a = small stone=20 temple with no windows or decorations. It was called the Temple of = Mary=20 Mem. The Kurds hadn=92t destroyed this temple. Moreover, they had = even=20 spared the Christian relatives of the temple priests. This was = explained=20 by the fact that, according to legend, under this temple had been=20 imprisoned a Great Serpent, which would come out if the temple = were=20 destroyed. Once in the lifetime of every guardian of the temple, = the=20 Serpent would show itself, but the present guardian of the temple = hadn=92t=20 seen it yet.

To be=20 continued=85

Literatus

Assyrian Surfing=20 Posts

Assyrian Biographies
[ http://www.atour.com/~people/]=

Latest Issue of Nakosha Magazine
[ http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2001/7.16= .01/www.atour.com/~aygv/nakosha/=20 ]

Pump Up the=20 Volume

ENGLISH	ASSYRIAN	GENDER	EXAMPLE
Preacher	Ka/ro/za	Masculine	Karoza d=92Oomra : Preacher of the church
Speaker	Mal/la/la	Masculine	Mallala Gabbara: The Great=20 Speaker

Bravo

UP=20 & =93AWAY=94 WITH WALTER AZIZ

In the past year, Walter Aziz has been working diligently on an = album=20 that in his opinion, "can open the world's eyes to our music." = Titled=20 "Away" Mr. Walter's latest project marks the birth of a new music = genre:=20 "Assyrian Pop".

Powered by a new sound, a new label, and a new vision, Walter = extends=20 the boundaries of Assyrian dance music to a new rhythmic = dimension. "I've=20 never put so much work into an album as I have with this one," = Walter=20 explains. "This is my biggest project ever."

With 11 tracks on the album, no mood is left untapped. The = album=20 thrives on upbeat dance music. In "Away", traditional meets = modern; East=20 meets West. With such creative energy infused in "Lorque", "Eaman=20 Nashqali" (When She Kisses Me) and Kouleh D'Leleh (All Night), = Assyrian=20 Pop is born.

Collaborating with other artists was yet another important = aspect of=20 this project. Young Latin sensation, Jacqui Lynn, and Assyrian = star Sargon=20 Gabriel, along with the many other International musicians and = producers=20 set "Away" apart as a global undertaking.

Walter Aziz and EastJam Records, with the help of many Assyrian = organizations, are kicking off the "Away Tour: 2001" to celebrate = the=20 album's long-awaited debut. The tour will kick off in San Jose, at = the=20 Assyrian Church of the East Hall (Awana) on Friday, July 20. = Walter's fans=20 can catch the second tour stop in Turlock on July 27 at the =
Assyrian=20 Civic Club.

Zinda Magazine will post Walter's future tour dates as they = become=20 available.

And here's the best part: Everyone admitted to the "Away Tour" = parties=20 will receive the new CD for free.

Be a part of the launch of AWAY.

For more information, visit http://www.walteraziz.com/

Back to the=20 Future

( 2000 B.C.)

The name of the country of Assyria derives from the city of = Assur or=20 Ashur, about 100 kilometers south of Nineveh, near today=92s = Mosul. The city=20 of Ashur was destroyed in 614 B.C., two years before the = destruction of=20 Nineveh. Assyrians later referred to it simply as =91the = country=92=20 (matum).

The=20 Ancient Near East, Kuhrt

(A.D. 410)

During a Church of the East=92s Synod in Seleucia the attending = bishops=20 agree to accept the Nicene Creed and appint only one bishop to = each see.=20 Each bishop was then to be ordained by at least three other = bishops and=20 the Church would celebrate Epiphany, Lent, Good Friday, and Easter = as its=20 official holidays. Yet the most important agreement reached was = that the=20 bishop of the twin cities of Seleucia-Ctesiphon was to become the = head of=20 all other bishops and given the title Catholicus. Mar Iskhaq = (Isaac) then=20 became the first Catholicus of the Church of the East. This paved = the way=20 for the commencement of the Patriarchy in the Assyrian church. = Shah=20 Yazdegerd I, Shah of Persia, soon approved the new organization of = the=20 Church of the East.

This Week In=20 History

JULY 17, 1964

Professor Sargis Osipov, Assyrian linguist, dies in Tehran, = Iran at age=20 78. He was the author of a book on Assyrian language which was not = published during his lifetime.

Calendar of=20 Events

Share your local events with = Zinda=20 readers. Email us or send fax to: =20 408-918-9201

Concert

Dance Party

Drama

Lecture/Seminar

Museum/Exhibits=20

July=20 20

SAN = JOSE=20
WALTER AZIZ = AWAY TOUR=20 PARTY

Assyrian Church of the East Hall (Awana) =
http://www.walteraziz.com
=20

July=20 22

NOOSARDEL=20

A festival celebrating = the descent of=20 the god Tammuz to the Underworld and the end of spring in=20 Bet-Nahrain. It is customary to sprinkle water on friends = and family=20 members, wishing for Tammuz' safe return to his beloved=20 Ishtar.

July=20 27

TURLOCK=20
WALTER AZIZ = AWAY TOUR=20 PARTY

Assyrian American Civic Club of Turlock =
http://www.walteraziz.com

August = 7=20

MARTYRS = DAY=20

A day to commemorate the = Assyrian=20 martyrs throughout history.

August 28 = - Sept=20 3

SAN JOSE,=20 CALIFORNIA
ASSYRIAN = AMERICAN=20 NATIONAL CONVENTION

Wednesday
September 19

LONDON=20
A PERFORMANCE OF SUMERIAN = STORIES=20

The Zi-Pang Trio
The = Kufa=20 Gallery
26 Westbourne Grove=20

Entrance Free
Contact =20 fran@hazelton.greatxscape.net

November 8=20 thru
March 17,=20 2002

LONDON=20
AGATHA CHRISTI & THE ORIENT =

Revealing Agatha Christie the archaeologist and = how her=20 discoveries in the Near East influenced her detective=20 writing. =20

The hitherto unknown interests and talents of the great crime = writer=20 are told through archaeological finds from the sites on which she = worked=20 with her husband Max Mallowan at Ur, Nineveh and Nimrud. Important = objects=20 from these sites in the Museum's collections are combined with = archives,=20 photographs, and films made by Agatha Christie herself. =20

Personal memorabilia and souvenirs of travel in a more = leisurely age=20 are only some of the exhibits which range from first editions of = those=20 novels inspired by her other life to a sleeping compartment from = the=20 Orient Express, from a lethal 1930s hypodermic syringe to a = priceless=20 first millennium ivory of a man being mauled to death =20

Admissions =A37, Concessions =A33.50=20

West Wing Exhibition Gallery Room 28 =

=20

Sat-Tue=20
November = 17-20=20

SAN=20 FRANCISCO
MIDDLE EAST = STUDIES=20 ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE

Middle East Studies Association of North = America=20 Panel
"The Assyrians of Iran - From = Contributions=20 to Diaspora"
co-sponsored by the = Assyrian=20 Academic Society
& the Society for = Iranian=20 Studies=20

Hyatt Regency Hotel, San Francisco=20

Dr. Arian Ishaya - Urmia to Baquba: From = the=20 Cradle of Water to Wilderness
Dr. Eden = Naby=20 -: Zahrira d Bahra - The First Newspaper in Iran =
Dr. K. Shakeri - Living in Purgatory: The = Assyrians of Iran=20 in the Twentieth Century
Mr. Ronald = Thomaszadeh -=20 Iranian Assyrians in the Azarbaijan Crisis of 1945-46 =
Discussant: Prof. Houshang = Chahabi -=20 political science - Boston University =20

Zinda Article: CLICK=20 HERE
For more information CLICK = HERE=20

Wed-Fri
November 21-23

LONDON=20
THE NIMROD CONFERENCE

Sponsored by the British School of Archaeology = in=20 Iraq
British Museum's Clore = Centre=20
Gt Russell St WC1=20

Cost To Be Determined=20

Contact Dept of Ancient Near East 020 7323 = 8315=20
or email: TheBSAI@aol.com, tel 01440=20 785244.=20

Coincides with Ancient Near East week at the = British=20 Museum:
"Whodunnit in Assyria. = For full=20 details contact: Sam Moorhead, Education
Department, The British Museum, London WC1B 3DG, tel.=20 020-7323-8432

Saturday
November 24

TORONTO=20
FIRST UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO's CSSS=20 SYMPOSIUM

Sponsored by Canadian Society for Syriac = Studies=20 (CSSS)
Five Lectures on the Origins of = Syriac=20 Christianity
Syriac hymns by two Church = Choruses
Middle Eastern Food =
University of Toronto
More = information to=20 be provided in the upcoming issues =

Thank=20 You!

Zindamagazine would like to = thank:

Walter Aziz
(California)

David Chibo =
(Australia)

Carlo Ganjeh =
(California)

Dr. George Kiraz
(New = Jersey)=20

= SHARE YOUR INFORMATION WITH READERS IN = 55 COUNTRIES=20 BY INCLUDING ZINDA MAGAZINE IN YOUR COMMUNITY OR ORGANIZATION'S MAILING = LIST.=20 DISTRIBUTE FREELY.

ZINDA Magazine is published = weekly. =20 Views expressed in ZINDA do not necessarily represent those of the = ZINDA=20 editors, or any of our associated staff. This publication reserves the = right, at=20 its sole discretion, not to publish comments or articles previously = printed in=20 or submitted to other journals. ZINDA reserves the right to = publish and=20 republish your submission in any form or medium. All letters and=20 messages require the name(s) of sender and/or author. All = messages=20 published in the SURFS UP! section must be in 500 words or less and bear = the=20 name of the author(s). Distribution of material = featured in=20 ZINDA is not restricted, but permission from ZINDA is required. This = service is=20 meant for the exchange of information, analyses and news. To = subscribe,=20 send e-mail to: z_info@zindamagazine.com.=20

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